God in America’s State Constitutions  

Every state in the Union acknowledges the divine in its foundational law

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“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights…” — Declaration of Independence, 1776
37
Preamble explicitly names
God, Almighty God, or Supreme Being
7
Preamble uses other divine language
(Supreme Ruler, Divine Guidance, etc.)
6
No preamble or neutral preamble —
divine reference found in the body

Every one of America’s 50 state constitutions acknowledges God or the divine. Click any state to read the exact constitutional language. Sources: Pew Research Center analysis of state constitutions (2017); individual state government websites.

All 50 State Constitutions
Flag of Alabama
Alabama Yellowhammer State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Montgomery Admitted: December 14, 1819
Preamble of the Constitution
“We the people of the State of Alabama in order to establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish the following Constitution.”
State Motto: Audemus jura nostra defendere — We dare defend our rights
Flag of Alaska
Alaska The Last Frontier
Preamble God
Location: Preamble Term used: God Capital: Juneau Admitted: January 3, 1959
Preamble of the Constitution
“We the people of Alaska, grateful to God and to those who founded our nation and pioneered this great land, in order to secure and transmit to succeeding generations our heritage of political, civil, and religious liberty within the Union of States, do ordain and establish this constitution for the State of Alaska.”
State Motto: North to the Future
Flag of Arizona
Arizona Grand Canyon State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Phoenix Admitted: February 14, 1912
Preamble of the Constitution
“We the people of the State of Arizona, grateful to Almighty God for our liberties, do ordain this Constitution.”
State Motto: Ditat Deus — God enriches
Flag of Arkansas
Arkansas The Natural State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Little Rock Admitted: June 15, 1836
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of Arkansas, grateful to Almighty God for the privilege of choosing our own form of government, for our civil and religious liberty, and desiring to perpetuate its blessings, and secure the same to ourselves and posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Regnat populus — The people rule
Flag of California
California Golden State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Sacramento Admitted: September 9, 1850
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the People of the State of California, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, in order to secure and perpetuate its blessings, do establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Eureka — I have found it
Flag of Colorado
Colorado Centennial State
Preamble — Other Divine Supreme Ruler of the Universe
Location: Preamble Term used: Supreme Ruler of the Universe Capital: Denver Admitted: August 1, 1876
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of Colorado, with profound reverence for the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, in order to form a more independent and perfect government; establish justice; insure tranquility; provide for the common defense; promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
Reference in the Body of the Constitution
The word "God" does not appear anywhere in Colorado's constitution. "Supreme Ruler of the Universe" in the preamble is the only divine reference. Art. II (Bill of Rights) provides for religious liberty but adds no explicit divine titles.
State Motto: Nil sine numine — Nothing without providence
Flag of Connecticut
Connecticut Constitution State
Preamble God
Location: Preamble Term used: God Capital: Hartford Admitted: January 9, 1788
Preamble of the Constitution
“The People of Connecticut acknowledging with gratitude, the good providence of God, in having permitted them to enjoy a free government; do, in order more effectually to define, secure, and perpetuate the liberties, rights and privileges which they have derived from their ancestors; hereby, after a careful consideration and revision, ordain and establish the following constitution and form of civil government.”
State Motto: Qui transtulit sustinet — He who transplanted still sustains
Flag of Delaware
Delaware The First State
Preamble — Other Divine Divine Goodness / Creator
Location: Preamble Term used: Divine Goodness / Creator Capital: Dover Admitted: December 7, 1787
Preamble of the Constitution
“Through Divine goodness, all people have by nature the rights of worshiping and serving their Creator according to the dictates of their consciences, of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring and protecting reputation and property, and in general of attaining objects suitable to their condition, without injury by one to another.”
Reference in the Body of the Constitution
The Declaration of Rights (body) contains additional references to the Creator and duty of worship. The preamble phrase "Through Divine Goodness all men have by nature the rights of worshipping and serving their Creator" establishes the framework developed throughout the document.
State Motto: Liberty and Independence
Flag of Florida
Florida Sunshine State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Tallahassee Admitted: March 3, 1845
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of Florida, being grateful to Almighty God for our constitutional liberty, in order to secure its benefits, perfect our government, insure domestic tranquility, maintain public order, and guarantee equal civil and political rights to all, do ordain and establish this constitution.”
State Motto: In God We Trust
Flag of Georgia
Georgia Peach State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Atlanta Admitted: January 2, 1788
Preamble of the Constitution
“To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizen and of the family, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Wisdom, Justice, Moderation
Flag of Hawaii
Hawaii Aloha State
Preamble — Other Divine Divine Guidance
Location: Preamble Term used: Divine Guidance Capital: Honolulu Admitted: August 21, 1959
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of Hawaii, grateful for Divine Guidance, and mindful of our Hawaiian heritage and uniqueness as an island State, dedicate our efforts to fulfill the philosophy decreed by the Hawaii State motto, "Ua Mau ke Ea o ka Aina i ka Pono."”
Reference in the Body of the Constitution
Hawaii's preamble phrase "grateful for Divine Guidance" is the ONLY divine reference in the entire Hawaii State Constitution. No mention of God, Supreme Being, Almighty, or any divine title appears anywhere else in the document. Hawaii is unique among the 50 states in having just one brief divine reference.
State Motto: Ua Mau ke Ea o ka Aina i ka Pono — The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness
Flag of Idaho
Idaho Gem State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Boise Admitted: July 3, 1890
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of Idaho, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, to secure its blessings and promote our common welfare do establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Esto perpetua — Let it be perpetual
Flag of Illinois
Illinois Prairie State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Springfield Admitted: December 3, 1818
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the People of the State of Illinois - grateful to Almighty God for the civil, political and religious liberty which He has permitted us to enjoy and seeking His blessing upon our endeavors - in order to provide for the health, safety and welfare of the people; maintain a representative and orderly government; eliminate poverty and inequality; assure legal, social and economic justice; provide opportunity for the fullest development of the individual; insure domestic tranquility; provide for the common defense; and secure the blessings of freedom and liberty to ourselves and our posterity - do ordain and establish this Constitution for the State of Illinois.”
State Motto: State Sovereignty, National Union
Flag of Indiana
Indiana Hoosier State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Indianapolis Admitted: December 11, 1816
Preamble of the Constitution
“TO THE END, that justice be established, public order maintained, and liberty perpetuated; WE, the People of the State of Indiana, grateful to ALMIGHTY GOD for the free exercise of the right to choose our own form of government, do ordain this Constitution.”
State Motto: The Crossroads of America
Flag of Iowa
Iowa Hawkeye State
Preamble Supreme Being
Location: Preamble Term used: Supreme Being Capital: Des Moines Admitted: December 28, 1846
Preamble of the Constitution
“WE, the People of the State of Iowa, grateful to the Supreme Being for the blessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Him for a continuation of those blessings, do ordain and establish a free and independent government, by the name of the State of Iowa.”
State Motto: Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain
Flag of Kansas
Kansas Sunflower State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Topeka Admitted: January 29, 1861
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of Kansas, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious privileges, in order to insure the full enjoyment of our rights as American citizens, do ordain and establish this constitution of the state of Kansas, with the following boundaries.”
State Motto: Ad astra per aspera — To the stars through difficulties
Flag of Kentucky
Kentucky Bluegrass State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Frankfort Admitted: June 1, 1792
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, grateful to Almighty God for the civil, political and religious liberties we enjoy, and invoking the continuance of these blessings, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: United we stand, divided we fall
Flag of Louisiana
Louisiana Pelican State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Baton Rouge Admitted: April 30, 1812
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of Louisiana, grateful to Almighty God for the civil, political, economic, and religious liberties we enjoy, and desiring to protect individual rights to life, liberty, and property; afford opportunity for the fullest development of the individual; assure equality of rights; promote the health, safety, education, and welfare of the people; maintain a representative and orderly government; ensure domestic tranquility; provide for the common defense; and secure the blessings of freedom and justice to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution.”
State Motto: Union, Justice, Confidence
Flag of Maine
Maine Pine Tree State
Preamble — Other Divine Sovereign Ruler of the Universe
Location: Preamble Term used: Sovereign Ruler of the Universe Capital: Augusta Admitted: March 15, 1820
Preamble of the Constitution
“We the people of Maine, in order to establish justice, insure tranquility, provide for our mutual defense, promote our common welfare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of liberty, acknowledging with grateful hearts the goodness of the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe in affording us an opportunity, so favorable to the design; and, imploring His aid and direction in its accomplishment, do agree to form ourselves into a free and independent State, by the style and title of the State of Maine and do ordain and establish the following Constitution for the government of the same.”
Reference in the Body of the Constitution
Art. I, Sec. 3 (body): "All individuals have a natural and unalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences and no person shall be hurt, molested, or restrained in their person, liberty, or estate for worshipping God in the manner most agreeable to the dictates of their conscience." The body thus uses "Almighty God" even though the preamble only says "Sovereign Ruler of the Universe."
State Motto: Dirigo — I direct (or I lead)
Flag of Maryland
Maryland Old Line State
Body of Constitution God
Location: Declaration of Rights, Art. 36 Term used: God Capital: Annapolis Admitted: April 28, 1788
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the People of the State of Maryland, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious liberty, and taking into our serious consideration the best means of establishing a good Constitution in this State for the sure foundation and more permanent security thereof, declare.”
Constitutional Reference (Body — no preamble reference)
Maryland's preamble contains no divine reference. Declaration of Rights, Art. 36: "That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in such manner as he thinks most acceptable to Him, all persons are equally entitled to protection in their religious liberty; wherefore, no person ought by any law to be molested in his person or estate on account of his religious persuasion or profession, or for his religious practice."
State Motto: Fatti maschii, parole femine — Strong deeds, gentle words
Flag of Massachusetts
Massachusetts Bay State
Preamble — Other Divine Great Legislator of the Universe
Location: Preamble + Bill of Rights Term used: Great Legislator of the Universe Capital: Boston Admitted: February 6, 1788
Preamble of the Constitution
“The end of the institution, maintenance, and administration of government, is to secure the existence of the body politic, to protect it, and to furnish the individuals who compose it with the power of enjoying in safety and tranquility their natural rights, and the blessings of life: and whenever these great objects are not obtained, the people have a right to alter the government, and to take measures necessary for their safety, prosperity and happiness.”
Reference in the Body of the Constitution
The Massachusetts Bill of Rights is among the most extensive in its divine references (8+ mentions of God). Part I, Art. II: "It is the right as well as the duty of all men in society, publicly and at stated seasons, to worship the Supreme Being, the great Creator and Preserver of the universe." Art. III also makes multiple references to God. Massachusetts ranks among the highest of all 50 states in total divine references, despite the preamble using "Great Legislator of the Universe."
State Motto: Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem — By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty
Flag of Michigan
Michigan Great Lakes State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Lansing Admitted: January 26, 1837
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of Michigan, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of freedom, and earnestly desiring to secure these blessings undiminished to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution.”
State Motto: Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice — If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you
Flag of Minnesota
Minnesota North Star State
Preamble God
Location: Preamble Term used: God Capital: Saint Paul Admitted: May 11, 1858
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the state of Minnesota, grateful to God for our civil and religious liberty, and desiring to perpetuate its blessings and secure the same to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: L'Etoile du Nord — The Star of the North
Flag of Mississippi
Mississippi Magnolia State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Jackson Admitted: December 10, 1817
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of Mississippi in convention assembled, grateful to Almighty God, and invoking his blessing on our work, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Virtute et armis — By valor and arms
Flag of Missouri
Missouri Show Me State
Preamble — Other Divine Supreme Ruler of the Universe
Location: Preamble Term used: Supreme Ruler of the Universe Capital: Jefferson City Admitted: August 10, 1821
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of Missouri, with profound reverence for the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, and grateful for His goodness, do establish this Constitution for the better government of the state.”
Reference in the Body of the Constitution
Art. I, Sec. 5 (Bill of Rights): "That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences. No person can, on account of his religious opinions, be rendered ineligible to any office of trust or profit under this State." The body thus uses "Almighty God" while the preamble uses "Supreme Ruler of the Universe."
State Motto: Salus populi suprema lex esto — Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law
Flag of Montana
Montana Treasure State
Preamble God
Location: Preamble Term used: God Capital: Helena Admitted: November 8, 1889
Preamble of the Constitution
“We the people of Montana grateful to God for the quiet beauty of our state, the grandeur of our mountains, the vastness of our rolling plains, and desiring to improve the quality of life, equality of opportunity and to secure the blessings of liberty for this and future generations do ordain and establish this constitution.”
State Motto: Oro y plata — Gold and silver
Flag of Nebraska
Nebraska Cornhusker State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Lincoln Admitted: March 1, 1867
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, do ordain and establish the following declaration of rights and frame of government, as the Constitution of the State of Nebraska.”
State Motto: Equality before the law
Flag of Nevada
Nevada Silver State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Carson City Admitted: October 31, 1864
Preamble of the Constitution
“We the people of the State of Nevada grateful to Almighty God for our freedom in order to secure its blessings, insure domestic tranquility, and form a more perfect Government, do establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: All for Our Country
Flag of New Hampshire
New Hampshire Granite State
Body of Constitution God
Location: Bill of Rights, Part I, Art. I, Sec. V Term used: God Capital: Concord Admitted: June 21, 1788
Preamble of the Constitution
“All men are born equally free and independent; therefore, all government of right originates from the people, is founded in consent, and instituted for the general good.”
Constitutional Reference (Body — no preamble reference)
New Hampshire has no separate preamble. Part I, Art. I, Sec. V: "Every individual has a natural and unalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience and reason; and no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained in his person, liberty, or estate for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience, or for his religious profession, sentiments, or persuasion; provided he doth not disturb the public peace or disturb others in their religious worship." New Hampshire's constitution contains six references to God — tied for second-most of any state despite having no preamble.
State Motto: Live Free or Die
Flag of New Jersey
New Jersey Garden State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Trenton Admitted: December 18, 1787
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of New Jersey, grateful to Almighty God for the civil and religious liberty which He hath so long permitted us to enjoy, and looking to Him for a blessing upon our endeavors to secure and transmit the same unimpaired to succeeding generations, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Liberty and Prosperity
Flag of New Mexico
New Mexico Land of Enchantment
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Santa Fe Admitted: January 6, 1912
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of New Mexico, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of liberty, in order to secure the advantages of a state government, do ordain and establish this constitution.”
State Motto: Crescit eundo — It grows as it goes
Flag of New York
New York Empire State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Albany Admitted: July 26, 1788
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, The People of the State of New York, grateful to Almighty God for our Freedom, in order to secure its blessings, DO ESTABLISH THIS CONSTITUTION.”
State Motto: Excelsior — Ever Upward
Flag of North Carolina
North Carolina Tar Heel State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Raleigh Admitted: November 21, 1789
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to Almighty God, the Sovereign Ruler of Nations, for the preservation of the American Union and the existence of our civil, political and religious liberties, and acknowledging our dependence upon Him for the continuance of those blessings to us and our posterity, do, for the more certain security thereof and for the better government of this State, ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Esse quam videri — To be, rather than to seem
Flag of North Dakota
North Dakota Peace Garden State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Bismarck Admitted: November 2, 1889
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of North Dakota, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious liberty, do ordain and establish this constitution.”
State Motto: Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable
Flag of Ohio
Ohio Buckeye State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Columbus Admitted: March 1, 1803
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of Ohio, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, to secure its blessings and promote our common welfare, do establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: With God, all things are possible
Flag of Oklahoma
Oklahoma Sooner State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Oklahoma City Admitted: November 16, 1907
Preamble of the Constitution
“Invoking the guidance of Almighty God, in order to secure and perpetuate the blessing of liberty; to secure just and rightful government; to promote our mutual welfare and happiness, we, the people of the State of Oklahoma, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Labor omnia vincit — Labor conquers all things
Flag of Oregon
Oregon Beaver State
Body of Constitution Almighty God
Location: Bill of Rights, Art. I, Sec. 2 Term used: Almighty God Capital: Salem Admitted: February 14, 1859
Preamble of the Constitution
“We the people of the State of Oregon to the end that Justice be established, order maintained, and liberty perpetuated, do ordain this Constitution.”
Constitutional Reference (Body — no preamble reference)
Oregon's preamble is entirely neutral, containing no divine reference. Bill of Rights, Art. I, Sec. 2: "All men shall be secure in the Natural right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their consciences." This is Oregon's only divine reference — one of the fewest in any state constitution.
State Motto: Alis volat propriis — She flies with her own wings
Flag of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Keystone State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Harrisburg Admitted: December 12, 1787
Preamble of the Constitution
“WE, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious liberty, and humbly invoking His guidance, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Virtue, Liberty, and Independence
Flag of Rhode Island
Rhode Island Ocean State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Providence Admitted: May 29, 1790
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of Rhode Island, grateful to Almighty God for the civil and religious liberty which He hath so long permitted us to enjoy, and looking to Him for a blessing upon our endeavors to secure and to transmit the same, unimpaired, to succeeding generations, do ordain and establish this Constitution of government.”
State Motto: Hope
Flag of South Carolina
South Carolina Palmetto State
Preamble God
Location: Preamble Term used: God Capital: Columbia Admitted: May 23, 1788
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, grateful to God for our liberties, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the preservation and perpetuation of the same.”
State Motto: Dum spiro spero / Animis opibusque parati — While I breathe, I hope / Prepared in mind and resources
Flag of South Dakota
South Dakota Mount Rushmore State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Pierre Admitted: November 2, 1889
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of South Dakota, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious liberties, in order to form a more perfect and independent government, establish justice, insure tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and preserve to ourselves and to our posterity the blessings of liberty, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the State of South Dakota.”
State Motto: Under God the people rule
Flag of Tennessee
Tennessee Volunteer State
Body of Constitution Almighty God
Location: Art. XI, Sec. III Term used: Almighty God Capital: Nashville Admitted: June 1, 1796
Preamble of the Constitution
“All power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, safety, and happiness; for the advancement of those ends they have at all times, an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or abolish the government in such manner as they may think proper.”
Constitutional Reference (Body — no preamble reference)
Tennessee has no separate preamble. Art. XI, Sec. III: "That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience; that no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or maintain any minister against his consent; that no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience; and that no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any religious establishment or mode of worship."
State Motto: Agriculture and Commerce
Flag of Texas
Texas Lone Star State
Preamble God
Location: Preamble Term used: God Capital: Austin Admitted: December 29, 1845
Preamble of the Constitution
“Humbly invoking the blessings of Almighty God, the people of the State of Texas, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Friendship
Flag of Utah
Utah Beehive State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Salt Lake City Admitted: January 4, 1896
Preamble of the Constitution
“Grateful to Almighty God for life and liberty, we, the people of Utah, in order to secure and perpetuate the principles of free government, do ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION.”
State Motto: Industry
Flag of Vermont
Vermont Green Mountain State
Body of Constitution Author of Existence
Location: Chapter I (body, no formal preamble) Term used: Author of Existence Capital: Montpelier Admitted: March 4, 1791
Preamble of the Constitution
“That all persons are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent, and unalienable rights, amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.”
Constitutional Reference (Body — no preamble reference)
Vermont has no formal preamble. Chapter I contains the only divine reference: "Whereas all government ought to... enable the individuals who compose it to enjoy their natural rights, and other blessings which the Author of Existence has bestowed on man." Vermont uses "Author of Existence" rather than God, Almighty, or Supreme Being anywhere in the constitution — a distinctly philosophical expression of the divine.
State Motto: Freedom and Unity
Flag of Virginia
Virginia Old Dominion
Body of Constitution Creator
Location: Bill of Rights, Art. XVI Term used: Creator Capital: Richmond Admitted: June 25, 1788
Preamble of the Constitution
“That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.”
Constitutional Reference (Body — no preamble reference)
Virginia has no preamble to the full constitution. Bill of Rights, Art. XVI: "Religion, or the Duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or violence; and therefore all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love, and charity toward each other." Virginia's Bill of Rights (1776), largely written by George Mason, was the model for the U.S. Bill of Rights and influenced constitutions worldwide.
State Motto: Sic semper tyrannis — Thus always to tyrants
Flag of Washington
Washington Evergreen State
Preamble — Other Divine Supreme Ruler of the Universe
Location: Preamble Term used: Supreme Ruler of the Universe Capital: Olympia Admitted: November 11, 1889
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of Washington, grateful to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe for our liberties, do ordain this constitution.”
Reference in the Body of the Constitution
The word "God" does not appear anywhere in Washington State's constitution. "Supreme Ruler of the Universe" in the preamble is Washington's only divine reference. Art. I, Sec. 11 (body) provides for religious freedom but uses no divine title: "Absolute freedom of conscience in all matters of religious sentiment, belief and worship, shall be guaranteed to every individual." Washington and Colorado are the only states whose constitutions never use the word "God."
State Motto: Alki — By and By
Flag of West Virginia
West Virginia Mountain State
Preamble Divine Providence / God
Location: Preamble Term used: Divine Providence / God Capital: Charleston Admitted: June 20, 1863
Preamble of the Constitution
“Since through Divine Providence we enjoy the blessings of civil, political and religious liberty, we, the people of West Virginia, in and through the provisions of this Constitution, reaffirm our faith in and constant reliance upon God and seek diligently to promote, preserve and perpetuate good government in the state of West Virginia for the common welfare, freedom and security of ourselves and our posterity.”
State Motto: Montani semper liberi — Mountaineers are always free
Flag of Wisconsin
Wisconsin Badger State
Preamble Almighty God
Location: Preamble Term used: Almighty God Capital: Madison Admitted: May 29, 1848
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect government, insure domestic tranquility and promote the general welfare, do establish this constitution.”
State Motto: Forward
Flag of Wyoming
Wyoming Equality State
Preamble God
Location: Preamble Term used: God Capital: Cheyenne Admitted: July 10, 1890
Preamble of the Constitution
“We, the people of the State of Wyoming, grateful to God for our civil, political, and religious liberties, and desiring to secure them to ourselves and perpetuate them to our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
State Motto: Equal Rights
Research note: Divine reference data sourced from Pew Research Center’s analysis (“God or the divine is referenced in every state constitution,” 2017) and individual state constitutions as published on state government websites. The word “Almighty” appears 46 times across state constitutions; “God” appears 116 times; “Supreme Being” or “Sovereign Being” 14 times; “Creator” 7 times.